/* StarPU --- Runtime system for heterogeneous multicore architectures.
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2009-2020  Université de Bordeaux, CNRS (LaBRI UMR 5800), Inria
 *
 * StarPU is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at
 * your option) any later version.
 *
 * StarPU is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 *
 * See the GNU Lesser General Public License in COPYING.LGPL for more details.
 */

/*! \page MPISupport MPI Support

The integration of MPI transfers within task parallelism is done in a
very natural way by the means of asynchronous interactions between the
application and StarPU.  This is implemented in a separate <c>libstarpumpi</c> library
which basically provides "StarPU" equivalents of <c>MPI_*</c> functions, where
<c>void *</c> buffers are replaced with ::starpu_data_handle_t, and all
GPU-RAM-NIC transfers are handled efficiently by StarPU-MPI.  The user has to
use the usual <c>mpirun</c> command of the MPI implementation to start StarPU on
the different MPI nodes.

In case the user wants to run several MPI processes by machine (e.g. one per
NUMA node), \ref STARPU_WORKERS_GETBIND should be used to make StarPU take into
account the binding set by the MPI launcher (otherwise each StarPU instance
would try to bind on all cores of the machine...)

An MPI Insert Task function provides an even more seamless transition to a
distributed application, by automatically issuing all required data transfers
according to the task graph and an application-provided distribution.

\section MPIBuild Building with MPI support

If a <c>mpicc</c> compiler is already in your PATH, StarPU will automatically
enable MPI support in the build. If <c>mpicc</c> is not in PATH, you
can specify its location by passing <c>--with-mpicc=/where/there/is/mpicc</c> to
<c>./configure</c>

It can be useful to enable MPI tests during <c>make check</c> by passing
<c>--enable-mpi-check</c> to <c>./configure</c>. And similarly to
<c>mpicc</c>, if <c>mpiexec</c> in not in PATH, you can specify its location by passing
<c>--with-mpiexec=/where/there/is/mpiexec</c> to <c>./configure</c>, but this is
not needed if it is next to <c>mpicc</c>, configure will look there in addition to PATH.

Similarly, Fortran examples use <c>mpif90</c>, which can be specified manually
with <c>--with-mpifort</c> if it can't be found automatically.

\section ExampleDocumentation Example Used In This Documentation

The example below will be used as the base for this documentation. It
initializes a token on node 0, and the token is passed from node to node,
incremented by one on each step. The code is not using StarPU yet.

\code{.c}
for (loop = 0; loop < nloops; loop++)
{
    int tag = loop*size + rank;

    if (loop == 0 && rank == 0)
    {
        token = 0;
        fprintf(stdout, "Start with token value %d\n", token);
    }
    else
    {
        MPI_Recv(&token, 1, MPI_INT, (rank+size-1)%size, tag, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
    }

    token++;

    if (loop == last_loop && rank == last_rank)
    {
        fprintf(stdout, "Finished: token value %d\n", token);
    }
    else
    {
        MPI_Send(&token, 1, MPI_INT, (rank+1)%size, tag+1, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
    }
}
\endcode

\section NotUsingMPISupport About Not Using The MPI Support

Although StarPU provides MPI support, the application programmer may want to
keep his MPI communications as they are for a start, and only delegate task
execution to StarPU.  This is possible by just using starpu_data_acquire(), for
instance:

\code{.c}
for (loop = 0; loop < nloops; loop++)
{
    int tag = loop*size + rank;

    /* Acquire the data to be able to write to it */
    starpu_data_acquire(token_handle, STARPU_W);
    if (loop == 0 && rank == 0)
    {
        token = 0;
        fprintf(stdout, "Start with token value %d\n", token);
    }
    else
    {
        MPI_Recv(&token, 1, MPI_INT, (rank+size-1)%size, tag, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
    }
	starpu_data_release(token_handle);

    /* Task delegation to StarPU to increment the token. The execution might
     * be performed on a CPU, a GPU, etc. */
    increment_token();

    /* Acquire the update data to be able to read from it */
    starpu_data_acquire(token_handle, STARPU_R);
    if (loop == last_loop && rank == last_rank)
    {
        fprintf(stdout, "Finished: token value %d\n", token);
    }
    else
    {
        MPI_Send(&token, 1, MPI_INT, (rank+1)%size, tag+1, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
    }
	starpu_data_release(token_handle);
}
\endcode

In that case, <c>libstarpumpi</c> is not needed. One can also use <c>MPI_Isend()</c> and
<c>MPI_Irecv()</c>, by calling starpu_data_release() after <c>MPI_Wait()</c> or <c>MPI_Test()</c>
have notified completion.

It is however better to use <c>libstarpumpi</c>, to save the application from having to
synchronize with starpu_data_acquire(), and instead just submit all tasks and
communications asynchronously, and wait for the overall completion.

\section SimpleExample Simple Example

The flags required to compile or link against the MPI layer are
accessible with the following commands:

\verbatim
$ pkg-config --cflags starpumpi-1.3  # options for the compiler
$ pkg-config --libs starpumpi-1.3    # options for the linker
\endverbatim

\code{.c}
void increment_token(void)
{
    struct starpu_task *task = starpu_task_create();

    task->cl = &increment_cl;
    task->handles[0] = token_handle;

    starpu_task_submit(task);
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    int rank, size;

    starpu_mpi_init_conf(&argc, &argv, 1, MPI_COMM_WORLD, NULL);
    starpu_mpi_comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &rank);
    starpu_mpi_comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &size);

    starpu_vector_data_register(&token_handle, STARPU_MAIN_RAM, (uintptr_t)&token, 1, sizeof(unsigned));

    unsigned nloops = NITER;
    unsigned loop;

    unsigned last_loop = nloops - 1;
    unsigned last_rank = size - 1;

    for (loop = 0; loop < nloops; loop++)
    {
        int tag = loop*size + rank;

        if (loop == 0 && rank == 0)
        {
            starpu_data_acquire(token_handle, STARPU_W);
            token = 0;
            fprintf(stdout, "Start with token value %d\n", token);
            starpu_data_release(token_handle);
        }
        else
        {
            starpu_mpi_irecv_detached(token_handle, (rank+size-1)%size, tag, MPI_COMM_WORLD, NULL, NULL);
        }

        increment_token();

        if (loop == last_loop && rank == last_rank)
        {
            starpu_data_acquire(token_handle, STARPU_R);
            fprintf(stdout, "Finished: token value %d\n", token);
            starpu_data_release(token_handle);
        }
        else
        {
            starpu_mpi_isend_detached(token_handle, (rank+1)%size, tag+1, MPI_COMM_WORLD, NULL, NULL);
        }
    }

    starpu_task_wait_for_all();

    starpu_mpi_shutdown();

    if (rank == last_rank)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "[%d] token = %d == %d * %d ?\n", rank, token, nloops, size);
        STARPU_ASSERT(token == nloops*size);
    }
\endcode

We have here replaced <c>MPI_Recv()</c> and <c>MPI_Send()</c> with starpu_mpi_irecv_detached()
and starpu_mpi_isend_detached(), which just submit the communication to be
performed. The implicit sequential consistency dependencies provide
synchronization between mpi reception and emission and the corresponding tasks.
The only remaining synchronization with starpu_data_acquire() is at
the beginning and the end.

\section MPIInitialization How to Initialize StarPU-MPI

As seen in the previous example, one has to call starpu_mpi_init_conf() to
initialize StarPU-MPI. The third parameter of the function indicates
if MPI should be initialized by StarPU or if the application did it
itself. If the application initializes MPI itself, it must call
<c>MPI_Init_thread()</c> with <c>MPI_THREAD_SERIALIZED</c> or
<c>MPI_THREAD_MULTIPLE</c>, since StarPU-MPI uses a separate thread to
perform the communications. <c>MPI_THREAD_MULTIPLE</c> is necessary if
the application also performs some MPI communications.

\section PointToPointCommunication Point To Point Communication

The standard point to point communications of MPI have been
implemented. The semantic is similar to the MPI one, but adapted to
the DSM provided by StarPU. A MPI request will only be submitted when
the data is available in the main memory of the node submitting the
request.

There are two types of asynchronous communications: the classic
asynchronous communications and the detached communications. The
classic asynchronous communications (starpu_mpi_isend() and
starpu_mpi_irecv()) need to be followed by a call to
starpu_mpi_wait() or to starpu_mpi_test() to wait for or to
test the completion of the communication. Waiting for or testing the
completion of detached communications is not possible, this is done
internally by StarPU-MPI, on completion, the resources are
automatically released. This mechanism is similar to the pthread
detach state attribute which determines whether a thread will be
created in a joinable or a detached state.

For send communications, data is acquired with the mode ::STARPU_R.
When using the \c configure option
\ref enable-mpi-pedantic-isend "--enable-mpi-pedantic-isend", the mode
::STARPU_RW is used to make sure there is no more than 1 concurrent
\c MPI_Isend() call accessing a data
and StarPU does not read from it from tasks during the communication.

Internally, all communication are divided in 2 communications, a first
message is used to exchange an envelope describing the data (i.e its
tag and its size), the data itself is sent in a second message. All
MPI communications submitted by StarPU uses a unique tag which has a
default value, and can be accessed with the functions
starpu_mpi_get_communication_tag() and
starpu_mpi_set_communication_tag(). The matching of tags with
corresponding requests is done within StarPU-MPI.

For any userland communication, the call of the corresponding function
(e.g starpu_mpi_isend()) will result in the creation of a StarPU-MPI
request, the function starpu_data_acquire_cb() is then called to
asynchronously request StarPU to fetch the data in main memory; when
the data is ready and the corresponding buffer has already been
received by MPI, it will be copied in the memory of the data,
otherwise the request is stored in the <em>early requests list</em>. Sending
requests are stored in the <em>ready requests list</em>.

While requests need to be processed, the StarPU-MPI progression thread
does the following:

<ol>
<li> it polls the <em>ready requests list</em>. For all the ready
requests, the appropriate function is called to post the corresponding
MPI call. For example, an initial call to starpu_mpi_isend() will
result in a call to <c>MPI_Isend()</c>. If the request is marked as
detached, the request will then be added in the <em>detached requests
list</em>.
</li>
<li> it posts a <c>MPI_Irecv()</c> to retrieve a data envelope.
</li>
<li> it polls the <em>detached requests list</em>. For all the detached
requests, it tests its completion of the MPI request by calling
<c>MPI_Test()</c>. On completion, the data handle is released, and if a
callback was defined, it is called.
</li>
<li> finally, it checks if a data envelope has been received. If so,
if the data envelope matches a request in the <em>early requests list</em> (i.e
the request has already been posted by the application), the
corresponding MPI call is posted (similarly to the first step above).

If the data envelope does not match any application request, a
temporary handle is created to receive the data, a StarPU-MPI request
is created and added into the <em>ready requests list</em>, and thus will be
processed in the first step of the next loop.
</li>
</ol>

\ref MPIPtpCommunication gives the list of all the
point to point communications defined in StarPU-MPI.

\section ExchangingUserDefinedDataInterface Exchanging User Defined Data Interface

New data interfaces defined as explained in \ref DefiningANewDataInterface
can also be used within StarPU-MPI and
exchanged between nodes. Two functions needs to be defined through the
type starpu_data_interface_ops. The function
starpu_data_interface_ops::pack_data takes a handle and returns a
contiguous memory buffer allocated with

\code{.c}
starpu_malloc_flags(ptr, size, 0)
\endcode

along with its size where data to be conveyed
to another node should be copied. The reversed operation is
implemented in the function starpu_data_interface_ops::unpack_data which
takes a contiguous memory buffer and recreates the data handle.

\code{.c}
static int complex_pack_data(starpu_data_handle_t handle, unsigned node, void **ptr, ssize_t *count)
{
  STARPU_ASSERT(starpu_data_test_if_allocated_on_node(handle, node));

  struct starpu_complex_interface *complex_interface = (struct starpu_complex_interface *) starpu_data_get_interface_on_node(handle, node);

  *count = complex_get_size(handle);
  *ptr = starpu_malloc_on_node_flags(node, *count, 0);
  memcpy(*ptr, complex_interface->real, complex_interface->nx*sizeof(double));
  memcpy(*ptr+complex_interface->nx*sizeof(double), complex_interface->imaginary, complex_interface->nx*sizeof(double));

  return 0;
}

static int complex_unpack_data(starpu_data_handle_t handle, unsigned node, void *ptr, size_t count)
{
  STARPU_ASSERT(starpu_data_test_if_allocated_on_node(handle, node));

  struct starpu_complex_interface *complex_interface = (struct starpu_complex_interface *) starpu_data_get_interface_on_node(handle, node);

  memcpy(complex_interface->real, ptr, complex_interface->nx*sizeof(double));
  memcpy(complex_interface->imaginary, ptr+complex_interface->nx*sizeof(double), complex_interface->nx*sizeof(double));

  return 0;
}

static struct starpu_data_interface_ops interface_complex_ops =
{
  ...
  .pack_data = complex_pack_data,
  .unpack_data = complex_unpack_data
};
\endcode

Instead of defining pack and unpack operations, users may want to attach a MPI type to their user defined data interface. The function starpu_mpi_datatype_register() allows to do so. This function takes 3 parameters: the data handle for which the MPI datatype is going to be defined, a function's pointer that will create the MPI datatype, and a function's pointer that will free the MPI datatype. If for some data an MPI datatype can not be built (e.g. complex data structure), the creation function can return -1, StarPU-MPI will then fallback to using pack/unpack.

\code{.c}
starpu_data_interface handle;
starpu_complex_data_register(&handle, STARPU_MAIN_RAM, real, imaginary, 2);
starpu_mpi_datatype_register(handle, starpu_complex_interface_datatype_allocate, starpu_complex_interface_datatype_free);
\endcode

The functions to create and free the MPI datatype are defined as follows.

\code{.c}
void starpu_complex_interface_datatype_allocate(starpu_data_handle_t handle, MPI_Datatype *mpi_datatype)
{
	int ret;

	int blocklengths[2];
	MPI_Aint displacements[2];
	MPI_Datatype types[2] = {MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_DOUBLE};

	struct starpu_complex_interface *complex_interface = (struct starpu_complex_interface *) starpu_data_get_interface_on_node(handle, STARPU_MAIN_RAM);

	MPI_Get_address(complex_interface, displacements);
	MPI_Get_address(&complex_interface->imaginary, displacements+1);
	displacements[1] -= displacements[0];
	displacements[0] = 0;

	blocklengths[0] = complex_interface->nx;
	blocklengths[1] = complex_interface->nx;

	ret = MPI_Type_create_struct(2, blocklengths, displacements, types, mpi_datatype);
	STARPU_ASSERT_MSG(ret == MPI_SUCCESS, "MPI_Type_contiguous failed");

	ret = MPI_Type_commit(mpi_datatype);
	STARPU_ASSERT_MSG(ret == MPI_SUCCESS, "MPI_Type_commit failed");
}

void starpu_complex_interface_datatype_free(MPI_Datatype *mpi_datatype)
{
	MPI_Type_free(mpi_datatype);
}
\endcode

Note that it is important to make sure no communication is going to occur before the function starpu_mpi_datatype_register() is called. This would produce an undefined result as the data may be received before the function is called, and so the MPI datatype would not be known by the StarPU-MPI communication engine, and the data would be processed with the pack and unpack operations.

\code{.c}
starpu_data_interface handle;
starpu_complex_data_register(&handle, STARPU_MAIN_RAM, real, imaginary, 2);
starpu_mpi_datatype_register(handle, starpu_complex_interface_datatype_allocate, starpu_complex_interface_datatype_free);

starpu_mpi_barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD);
\endcode

\section MPIInsertTaskUtility MPI Insert Task Utility

To save the programmer from having to explicit all communications, StarPU
provides an "MPI Insert Task Utility". The principe is that the application
decides a distribution of the data over the MPI nodes by allocating it and
notifying StarPU of this decision, i.e. tell StarPU which MPI node "owns"
which data. It also decides, for each handle, an MPI tag which will be used to
exchange the content of the handle. All MPI nodes then process the whole task
graph, and StarPU automatically determines which node actually execute which
task, and trigger the required MPI transfers.

The list of functions is described in \ref MPIInsertTask.

Here an stencil example showing how to use starpu_mpi_task_insert(). One
first needs to define a distribution function which specifies the
locality of the data. Note that the data needs to be registered to MPI
by calling starpu_mpi_data_register(). This function allows to set
the distribution information and the MPI tag which should be used when
communicating the data. It also allows to automatically clear the MPI
communication cache when unregistering the data.

\code{.c}
/* Returns the MPI node number where data is */
int my_distrib(int x, int y, int nb_nodes)
{
  /* Block distrib */
  return ((int)(x / sqrt(nb_nodes) + (y / sqrt(nb_nodes)) * sqrt(nb_nodes))) % nb_nodes;

  // /* Other examples useful for other kinds of computations */
  // /* / distrib */
  // return (x+y) % nb_nodes;

  // /* Block cyclic distrib */
  // unsigned side = sqrt(nb_nodes);
  // return x % side + (y % side) * size;
}
\endcode

Now the data can be registered within StarPU. Data which are not
owned but will be needed for computations can be registered through
the lazy allocation mechanism, i.e. with a <c>home_node</c> set to <c>-1</c>.
StarPU will automatically allocate the memory when it is used for the
first time.

One can note an optimization here (the <c>else if</c> test): we only register
data which will be needed by the tasks that we will execute.

\code{.c}
    unsigned matrix[X][Y];
    starpu_data_handle_t data_handles[X][Y];

    for(x = 0; x < X; x++)
    {
        for (y = 0; y < Y; y++)
	{
            int mpi_rank = my_distrib(x, y, size);
            if (mpi_rank == my_rank)
                /* Owning data */
                starpu_variable_data_register(&data_handles[x][y], STARPU_MAIN_RAM, (uintptr_t)&(matrix[x][y]), sizeof(unsigned));
            else if (my_rank == my_distrib(x+1, y, size) || my_rank == my_distrib(x-1, y, size)
                  || my_rank == my_distrib(x, y+1, size) || my_rank == my_distrib(x, y-1, size))
                /* I don't own this index, but will need it for my computations */
                starpu_variable_data_register(&data_handles[x][y], -1, (uintptr_t)NULL, sizeof(unsigned));
            else
                /* I know it's useless to allocate anything for this */
                data_handles[x][y] = NULL;
            if (data_handles[x][y])
	    {
                starpu_mpi_data_register(data_handles[x][y], x*X+y, mpi_rank);
            }
        }
    }
\endcode

Now starpu_mpi_task_insert() can be called for the different
steps of the application.

\code{.c}
    for(loop=0 ; loop<niter; loop++)
        for (x = 1; x < X-1; x++)
            for (y = 1; y < Y-1; y++)
                starpu_mpi_task_insert(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &stencil5_cl,
                                       STARPU_RW, data_handles[x][y],
                                       STARPU_R, data_handles[x-1][y],
                                       STARPU_R, data_handles[x+1][y],
                                       STARPU_R, data_handles[x][y-1],
                                       STARPU_R, data_handles[x][y+1],
                                       0);
    starpu_task_wait_for_all();
\endcode

I.e. all MPI nodes process the whole task graph, but as mentioned above, for
each task, only the MPI node which owns the data being written to (here,
<c>data_handles[x][y]</c>) will actually run the task. The other MPI nodes will
automatically send the required data.

To tune the placement of tasks among MPI nodes, one can use
::STARPU_EXECUTE_ON_NODE or ::STARPU_EXECUTE_ON_DATA to specify an explicit
node, or the node of a given data (e.g. one of the parameters), or use
starpu_mpi_node_selection_register_policy() and ::STARPU_NODE_SELECTION_POLICY
to provide a dynamic policy.

A function starpu_mpi_task_build() is also provided with the aim to
only construct the task structure. All MPI nodes need to call the
function, which posts the required send/recv on the various nodes which have to.
Only the node which is to execute the task will then return a
valid task structure, others will return <c>NULL</c>. This node must submit the task.
All nodes then need to call the function starpu_mpi_task_post_build() -- with the same
list of arguments as starpu_mpi_task_build() -- to post all the
necessary data communications meant to happen after the task execution.

\code{.c}
struct starpu_task *task;
task = starpu_mpi_task_build(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &cl,
                             STARPU_RW, data_handles[0],
                             STARPU_R, data_handles[1],
                             0);
if (task) starpu_task_submit(task);
starpu_mpi_task_post_build(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &cl,
                           STARPU_RW, data_handles[0],
                           STARPU_R, data_handles[1],
                           0);
\endcode

\section MPIInsertPruning Pruning MPI Task Insertion

Making all MPI nodes process the whole graph can be a concern with a growing
number of nodes. To avoid this, the
application can prune the task for loops according to the data distribution,
so as to only submit tasks on nodes which have to care about them (either to
execute them, or to send the required data).

A way to do some of this quite easily can be to just add an <c>if</c> like this:

\code{.c}
    for(loop=0 ; loop<niter; loop++)
        for (x = 1; x < X-1; x++)
            for (y = 1; y < Y-1; y++)
                if (my_distrib(x,y,size) == my_rank
                 || my_distrib(x-1,y,size) == my_rank
                 || my_distrib(x+1,y,size) == my_rank
                 || my_distrib(x,y-1,size) == my_rank
                 || my_distrib(x,y+1,size) == my_rank)
                    starpu_mpi_task_insert(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &stencil5_cl,
                                           STARPU_RW, data_handles[x][y],
                                           STARPU_R, data_handles[x-1][y],
                                           STARPU_R, data_handles[x+1][y],
                                           STARPU_R, data_handles[x][y-1],
                                           STARPU_R, data_handles[x][y+1],
                                           0);
    starpu_task_wait_for_all();
\endcode

This permits to drop the cost of function call argument passing and parsing.

If the <c>my_distrib</c> function can be inlined by the compiler, the latter can
improve the test.

If the <c>size</c> can be made a compile-time constant, the compiler can
considerably improve the test further.

If the distribution function is not too complex and the compiler is very good,
the latter can even optimize the <c>for</c> loops, thus dramatically reducing
the cost of task submission.

To estimate quickly how long task submission takes, and notably how much pruning
saves, a quick and easy way is to measure the submission time of just one of the
MPI nodes. This can be achieved by running the application on just one MPI node
with the following environment variables:

\code
export STARPU_DISABLE_KERNELS=1
export STARPU_MPI_FAKE_RANK=2
export STARPU_MPI_FAKE_SIZE=1024
\endcode

Here we have disabled the kernel function call to skip the actual computation
time and only keep submission time, and we have asked StarPU to fake running on
MPI node 2 out of 1024 nodes.

\section MPITemporaryData Temporary Data

To be able to use starpu_mpi_task_insert(), one has to call
starpu_mpi_data_register(), so that StarPU-MPI can know what it needs to do for
each data. Parameters of starpu_mpi_data_register() are normally the same on all
nodes for a given data, so that all nodes agree on which node owns the data, and
which tag is used to transfer its value.

It can however be useful to register e.g. some temporary data on just one node,
without having to register a dumb handle on all nodes, while only one node will
actually need to know about it. In this case, nodes which will not need the data
can just pass \c NULL to starpu_mpi_task_insert():

\code{.c}
starpu_data_handle_t data0 = NULL;
if (rank == 0)
{
	starpu_variable_data_register(&data0, STARPU_MAIN_RAM, (uintptr_t) &val0, sizeof(val0));
	starpu_mpi_data_register(data0, 0, rank);
}
starpu_mpi_task_insert(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &cl, STARPU_W, data0, 0); /* Executes on node 0 */
\endcode

Here, nodes whose rank is not \c 0 will simply not take care of the data, and consider it to be on another node.

This can be mixed various way, for instance here node \c 1 determines that it does
not have to care about \c data0, but knows that it should send the value of its
\c data1 to node \c 0, which owns data and thus will need the value of \c data1 to execute the task:

\code{.c}
starpu_data_handle_t data0 = NULL, data1, data;
if (rank == 0)
{
	starpu_variable_data_register(&data0, STARPU_MAIN_RAM, (uintptr_t) &val0, sizeof(val0));
	starpu_mpi_data_register(data0, -1, rank);
	starpu_variable_data_register(&data1, -1, 0, sizeof(val1));
	starpu_variable_data_register(&data, STARPU_MAIN_RAM, (uintptr_t) &val, sizeof(val));
}
else if (rank == 1)
{
	starpu_variable_data_register(&data1, STARPU_MAIN_RAM, (uintptr_t) &val1, sizeof(val1));
	starpu_variable_data_register(&data, -1, 0, sizeof(val));
}
starpu_mpi_data_register(data, 42, 0);
starpu_mpi_data_register(data1, 43, 1);
starpu_mpi_task_insert(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &cl, STARPU_W, data, STARPU_R, data0, STARPU_R, data1, 0); /* Executes on node 0 */
\endcode

\section MPIPerNodeData Per-node Data

Further than temporary data on just one node, one may want per-node data,
to e.g. replicate some computation because that is less expensive than
communicating the value over MPI:

\code{.c}
starpu_data_handle pernode, data0, data1;
starpu_variable_data_register(&pernode, -1, 0, sizeof(val));
starpu_mpi_data_register(pernode, -1, STARPU_MPI_PER_NODE);

/* Normal data: one on node0, one on node1 */
if (rank == 0)
{
	starpu_variable_data_register(&data0, STARPU_MAIN_RAM, (uintptr_t) &val0, sizeof(val0));
	starpu_variable_data_register(&data1, -1, 0, sizeof(val1));
}
else if (rank == 1)
{
	starpu_variable_data_register(&data0, -1, 0, sizeof(val1));
	starpu_variable_data_register(&data1, STARPU_MAIN_RAM, (uintptr_t) &val1, sizeof(val1));
}
starpu_mpi_data_register(data0, 42, 0);
starpu_mpi_data_register(data1, 43, 1);

starpu_mpi_task_insert(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &cl, STARPU_W, pernode, 0); /* Will be replicated on all nodes */

starpu_mpi_task_insert(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &cl2, STARPU_RW, data0, STARPU_R, pernode); /* Will execute on node 0, using its own pernode*/
starpu_mpi_task_insert(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &cl2, STARPU_RW, data1, STARPU_R, pernode); /* Will execute on node 1, using its own pernode*/
\endcode

One can turn a normal data into pernode data, by first broadcasting it to all nodes:

\code{.c}
starpu_data_handle data;
starpu_variable_data_register(&data, -1, 0, sizeof(val));
starpu_mpi_data_register(data, 42, 0);

/* Compute some value */
starpu_mpi_task_insert(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &cl, STARPU_W, data, 0); /* Node 0 computes it */

/* Get it on all nodes */
starpu_mpi_get_data_on_all_nodes_detached(MPI_COMM_WORLD, data);
/* And turn it per-node */
starpu_mpi_data_set_rank(data, STARPU_MPI_PER_NODE);
\endcode

The data can then be used just like pernode above.

\section MPIPriorities Priorities

All send functions have a <c>_prio</c> variant which takes an additional
priority parameter, which allows to make StarPU-MPI change the order of MPI
requests before submitting them to MPI. The default priority is \c 0.

When using the starpu_mpi_task_insert() helper, ::STARPU_PRIORITY defines both the
task priority and the MPI requests priority.

To test how much MPI priorities have a good effect on performance, you can
set the environment variable \ref STARPU_MPI_PRIORITIES to \c 0 to disable the use of
priorities in StarPU-MPI.

\section MPICache MPI Cache Support

StarPU-MPI automatically optimizes duplicate data transmissions: if an MPI
node \c B needs a piece of data \c D from MPI node \c A for several tasks, only one
transmission of \c D will take place from \c A to \c B, and the value of \c D will be kept
on \c B as long as no task modifies \c D.

If a task modifies \c D, \c B will wait for all tasks which need the previous value of
\c D, before invalidating the value of \c D. As a consequence, it releases the memory
occupied by \c D. Whenever a task running on \c B needs the new value of \c D, allocation
will take place again to receive it.

Since tasks can be submitted dynamically, StarPU-MPI can not know whether the
current value of data \c D will again be used by a newly-submitted task before
being modified by another newly-submitted task, so until a task is submitted to
modify the current value, it can not decide by itself whether to flush the cache
or not.  The application can however explicitly tell StarPU-MPI to flush the
cache by calling starpu_mpi_cache_flush() or starpu_mpi_cache_flush_all_data(),
for instance in case the data will not be used at all any more (see for instance
the cholesky example in <c>mpi/examples/matrix_decomposition</c>), or at least not in
the close future. If a newly-submitted task actually needs the value again,
another transmission of \c D will be initiated from \c A to \c B.  A mere
starpu_mpi_cache_flush_all_data() can for instance be added at the end of the whole
algorithm, to express that no data will be reused after this (or at least that
it is not interesting to keep them in cache).  It may however be interesting to
add fine-graph starpu_mpi_cache_flush() calls during the algorithm; the effect
for the data deallocation will be the same, but it will additionally release some
pressure from the StarPU-MPI cache hash table during task submission.

One can determine whether a piece of is cached with starpu_mpi_cached_receive()
and starpu_mpi_cached_send().

The whole caching behavior can be disabled thanks to the \ref STARPU_MPI_CACHE
environment variable. The variable \ref STARPU_MPI_CACHE_STATS can be set to <c>1</c>
to enable the runtime to display messages when data are added or removed
from the cache holding the received data.

\section MPIMigration MPI Data Migration

The application can dynamically change its mind about the data distribution, to
balance the load over MPI nodes for instance. This can be done very simply by
requesting an explicit move and then change the registered rank. For instance,
we here switch to a new distribution function <c>my_distrib2</c>: we first
register any data which wasn't registered already and will be needed, then
migrate the data, and register the new location.

\code{.c}
    for(x = 0; x < X; x++)
    {
        for (y = 0; y < Y; y++)
	{
            int mpi_rank = my_distrib2(x, y, size);
            if (!data_handles[x][y] && (mpi_rank == my_rank
                  || my_rank == my_distrib(x+1, y, size) || my_rank == my_distrib(x-1, y, size)
                  || my_rank == my_distrib(x, y+1, size) || my_rank == my_distrib(x, y-1, size)))
                /* Register newly-needed data */
                starpu_variable_data_register(&data_handles[x][y], -1, (uintptr_t)NULL, sizeof(unsigned));
            if (data_handles[x][y])
	    {
                /* Migrate the data */
                starpu_mpi_data_migrate(MPI_COMM_WORLD, data_handles[x][y], mpi_rank);
            }
        }
    }
\endcode

From then on, further tasks submissions will use the new data distribution,
which will thus change both MPI communications and task assignments.

Very importantly, since all nodes have to agree on which node owns which data
so as to determine MPI communications and task assignments the same way, all
nodes have to perform the same data migration, and at the same point among task
submissions. It thus does not require a strict synchronization, just a clear
separation of task submissions before and after the data redistribution.

Before data unregistration, it has to be migrated back to its original home
node (the value, at least), since that is where the user-provided buffer
resides. Otherwise the unregistration will complain that it does not have the
latest value on the original home node.

\code{.c}
    for(x = 0; x < X; x++)
    {
        for (y = 0; y < Y; y++)
	{
            if (data_handles[x][y])
	    {
                int mpi_rank = my_distrib(x, y, size);
                /* Get back data to original place where the user-provided buffer is.  */
                starpu_mpi_get_data_on_node_detached(MPI_COMM_WORLD, data_handles[x][y], mpi_rank, NULL, NULL);
                /* And unregister it */
                starpu_data_unregister(data_handles[x][y]);
            }
        }
    }
\endcode

\section MPICollective MPI Collective Operations

The functions are described in \ref MPICollectiveOperations.

\code{.c}
if (rank == root)
{
    /* Allocate the vector */
    vector = malloc(nblocks * sizeof(float *));
    for(x=0 ; x<nblocks ; x++)
    {
        starpu_malloc((void **)&vector[x], block_size*sizeof(float));
    }
}

/* Allocate data handles and register data to StarPU */
data_handles = malloc(nblocks*sizeof(starpu_data_handle_t *));
for(x = 0; x < nblocks ;  x++)
{
    int mpi_rank = my_distrib(x, nodes);
    if (rank == root)
    {
        starpu_vector_data_register(&data_handles[x], STARPU_MAIN_RAM, (uintptr_t)vector[x], blocks_size, sizeof(float));
    }
    else if ((mpi_rank == rank) || ((rank == mpi_rank+1 || rank == mpi_rank-1)))
    {
        /* I own this index, or i will need it for my computations */
        starpu_vector_data_register(&data_handles[x], -1, (uintptr_t)NULL, block_size, sizeof(float));
    }
    else
    {
        /* I know it's useless to allocate anything for this */
        data_handles[x] = NULL;
    }
    if (data_handles[x])
    {
        starpu_mpi_data_register(data_handles[x], x*nblocks+y, mpi_rank);
    }
}

/* Scatter the matrix among the nodes */
starpu_mpi_scatter_detached(data_handles, nblocks, root, MPI_COMM_WORLD, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

/* Calculation */
for(x = 0; x < nblocks ;  x++)
{
    if (data_handles[x])
    {
        int owner = starpu_data_get_rank(data_handles[x]);
        if (owner == rank)
	{
            starpu_task_insert(&cl, STARPU_RW, data_handles[x], 0);
        }
    }
}

/* Gather the matrix on main node */
starpu_mpi_gather_detached(data_handles, nblocks, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
\endcode

Other collective operations would be easy to define, just ask starpu-devel for
them!

\section MPIDriver Make StarPU-MPI Progression Thread Execute Tasks

The default behaviour of StarPU-MPI is to spawn an MPI thread to take care only
of MPI communications in an active fashion (i.e the StarPU-MPI thread sleeps
only when there is no active request submitted by the application), with the
goal of being as reactive as possible to communications. Knowing that, users
usually leave one free core for the MPI thread when starting a distributed
execution with StarPU-MPI.  However, this could result in a loss of performance
for applications that does not require an extreme reactivity to MPI
communications.

The starpu_mpi_init_conf() routine allows the user to give the
starpu_conf configuration structure of StarPU (usually given to the
starpu_init() routine) to StarPU-MPI, so that StarPU-MPI reserves for its own
use one of the CPU drivers of the current computing node, or one of the CPU
cores, and then calls starpu_init() internally.

This allows the MPI communication thread to call a StarPU CPU driver to run
tasks when there is no active requests to take care of, and thus recover the
computational power of the "lost" core. Since there is a trade-off between
executing tasks and polling MPI requests, which is how much the application
wants to lose in reactivity to MPI communications to get back the computing
power of the core dedicated to the StarPU-MPI thread, there are two environment
variables to pilot the behaviour of the MPI thread so that users can tune
this trade-off depending of the behaviour of the application.

The \ref STARPU_MPI_DRIVER_CALL_FREQUENCY environment variable sets how many times
the MPI progression thread goes through the MPI_Test() loop on each active communication request
(and thus try to make communications progress by going into the MPI layer)
before executing tasks. The default value for this environment variable is 0,
which means that the support for interleaving task execution and communication
polling is deactivated, thus returning the MPI progression thread to its
original behaviour.

The \ref STARPU_MPI_DRIVER_TASK_FREQUENCY environment variable sets how many tasks
are executed by the MPI communication thread before checking all active
requests again. While this environment variable allows a better use of the core
dedicated to StarPU-MPI for computations, it also decreases the reactivity of
the MPI communication thread as much.

\section MPIDebug Debugging MPI

Communication trace will be enabled when the environment variable
\ref STARPU_MPI_COMM is set to \c 1, and StarPU has been configured with the
option \ref enable-verbose "--enable-verbose".

Statistics will be enabled for the communication cache when the
environment variable \ref STARPU_MPI_CACHE_STATS is set to \c 1. It
prints messages on the standard output when data are added or removed
from the received communication cache.

When the environment variable \ref STARPU_COMM_STATS is set to \c 1,
StarPU will display at the end of the execution for each node the
volume and the bandwidth of data sent to all the other nodes.

Here an example of such a trace.

\verbatim
[starpu_comm_stats][3] TOTAL:	476.000000 B	0.000454 MB	 0.000098 B/s	 0.000000 MB/s
[starpu_comm_stats][3:0]	248.000000 B	0.000237 MB	 0.000051 B/s	 0.000000 MB/s
[starpu_comm_stats][3:2]	50.000000 B	0.000217 MB	 0.000047 B/s	 0.000000 MB/s

[starpu_comm_stats][2] TOTAL:	288.000000 B	0.000275 MB	 0.000059 B/s	 0.000000 MB/s
[starpu_comm_stats][2:1]	70.000000 B	0.000103 MB	 0.000022 B/s	 0.000000 MB/s
[starpu_comm_stats][2:3]	288.000000 B	0.000172 MB	 0.000037 B/s	 0.000000 MB/s

[starpu_comm_stats][1] TOTAL:	188.000000 B	0.000179 MB	 0.000038 B/s	 0.000000 MB/s
[starpu_comm_stats][1:0]	80.000000 B	0.000114 MB	 0.000025 B/s	 0.000000 MB/s
[starpu_comm_stats][1:2]	188.000000 B	0.000065 MB	 0.000014 B/s	 0.000000 MB/s

[starpu_comm_stats][0] TOTAL:	376.000000 B	0.000359 MB	 0.000077 B/s	 0.000000 MB/s
[starpu_comm_stats][0:1]	376.000000 B	0.000141 MB	 0.000030 B/s	 0.000000 MB/s
[starpu_comm_stats][0:3]	10.000000 B	0.000217 MB	 0.000047 B/s	 0.000000 MB/s
\endverbatim

These statistics can be plotted as heatmaps using StarPU tool <c>starpu_mpi_comm_matrix.py</c>, this will produce 2 PDF files, one plot for the bandwidth, and one plot for the data volume.

\image latex trace_bw_heatmap.pdf "Bandwidth Heatmap" width=0.5\textwidth
\image html trace_bw_heatmap.png "Bandwidth Heatmap"

\image latex trace_volume_heatmap.pdf "Data Volume Heatmap" width=0.5\textwidth
\image html trace_volume_heatmap.png "Data Bandwidth Heatmap"

\section MPIExamples More MPI examples

MPI examples are available in the StarPU source code in mpi/examples:

<ul>
<li>
<c>comm</c> shows how to use communicators with StarPU-MPI
</li>
<li>
<c>complex</c> is a simple example using a user-define data interface over
MPI (complex numbers),
</li>
<li>
<c>stencil5</c> is a simple stencil example using starpu_mpi_task_insert(),
</li>
<li>
<c>matrix_decomposition</c> is a cholesky decomposition example using
starpu_mpi_task_insert(). The non-distributed version can check for
<algorithm correctness in 1-node configuration, the distributed version uses
exactly the same source code, to be used over MPI,
</li>
<li>
<c>mpi_lu</c> is an LU decomposition example, provided in three versions:
<c>plu_example</c> uses explicit MPI data transfers, <c>plu_implicit_example</c>
uses implicit MPI data transfers, <c>plu_outofcore_example</c> uses implicit MPI
data transfers and supports data matrices which do not fit in memory (out-of-core).
</li>
</ul>

\section MPIImplementation Notes about the Implementation

StarPU-MPI is implemented directly on top of MPI.

Since the release 1.3.0, an implementation on top of NewMadeleine, an
optimizing communication library for high-performance networks, is
also provided. To use it, one needs to install NewMadeleine (see
http://pm2.gforge.inria.fr/newmadeleine/) and enable the \c configure
option \ref enable-nmad "--enable-nmad".

Both implementations provide the same public API.

\section MPIMasterSlave MPI Master Slave Support

StarPU provides an other way to execute applications across many
nodes. The Master Slave support permits to use remote cores without
thinking about data distribution. This support can be activated with
the \c configure option \ref enable-mpi-master-slave
"--enable-mpi-master-slave". However, you should not activate both MPI
support and MPI Master-Slave support.

The existing kernels for CPU devices can be used as such. They only have to be
exposed through the name of the function in the \ref starpu_codelet::cpu_funcs_name field.
Functions have to be globally-visible (i.e. not static) for StarPU to
be able to look them up, and <c>-rdynamic</c> must be passed to gcc (or
<c>-export-dynamic</c> to ld) so that symbols of the main program are visible.
Optionally, you can choose the use of another function on slaves thanks to
the field \ref starpu_codelet::mpi_ms_funcs.

By default, one core is dedicated on the master node to manage the
entire set of slaves. If the implementation of MPI you are using has a
good multiple threads support, you can use the \c configure option
\ref with-mpi-master-slave-multiple-thread "--with-mpi-master-slave-multiple-thread"
to dedicate one core per slave.

Choosing the number of cores on each slave device is done by setting
the environment variable \ref STARPU_NMPIMSTHREADS "STARPU_NMPIMSTHREADS=\<number\>"
with <c>\<number\></c> being the requested number of cores. By default
all the slave's cores are used.

Setting the number of slaves nodes is done by changing the <c>-n</c>
parameter when executing the application with mpirun or mpiexec.

The master node is by default the node with the MPI rank equal to 0.
To select another node, use the environment variable \ref
STARPU_MPI_MASTER_NODE "STARPU_MPI_MASTER_NODE=\<number\>" with
<c>\<number\></c> being the requested MPI rank node.

*/