@c -*-texinfo-*-

@c This file is part of the StarPU Handbook.
@c Copyright (C) 2009--2011  Universit@'e de Bordeaux 1
@c Copyright (C) 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
@c Copyright (C) 2011, 2012 Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique
@c See the file starpu.texi for copying conditions.

@menu
* Motivation::                  Why StarPU ?
* StarPU in a Nutshell::        The Fundamentals of StarPU
* Application taskification::   How to taskify an application
* Glossary::
* Research Papers::
@end menu

@node Motivation
@section Motivation

@c complex machines with heterogeneous cores/devices
The use of specialized hardware such as accelerators or coprocessors offers an
interesting approach to overcome the physical limits encountered by processor
architects. As a result, many machines are now equipped with one or several
accelerators (e.g. a GPU), in addition to the usual processor(s). While a lot of
efforts have been devoted to offload computation onto such accelerators, very
little attention as been paid to portability concerns on the one hand, and to the
possibility of having heterogeneous accelerators and processors to interact on the other hand.

StarPU is a runtime system that offers support for heterogeneous multicore
architectures, it not only offers a unified view of the computational resources
(i.e. CPUs and accelerators at the same time), but it also takes care of
efficiently mapping and executing tasks onto an heterogeneous machine while
transparently handling low-level issues such as data transfers in a portable
fashion.

@c this leads to a complicated distributed memory design
@c which is not (easily) manageable by hand

@c added value/benefits of StarPU
@c   - portability
@c   - scheduling, perf. portability

@node StarPU in a Nutshell
@section StarPU in a Nutshell

StarPU is a software tool aiming to allow programmers to exploit the
computing power of the available CPUs and GPUs, while relieving them
from the need to specially adapt their programs to the target machine
and processing units.

At the core of StarPU is its run-time support library, which is
responsible for scheduling application-provided tasks on heterogeneous
CPU/GPU machines.  In addition, StarPU comes with programming language
support, in the form of extensions to languages of the C family
(@pxref{C Extensions}), as well as an OpenCL front-end (@pxref{SOCL
OpenCL Extensions}).

@cindex task-based programming model
StarPU's run-time and programming language extensions support a
@dfn{task-based programming model}.  Applications submit computational
tasks, with CPU and/or GPU implementations, and StarPU schedules these
tasks and associated data transfers on available CPUs and GPUs.  The
data that a task manipulates are automatically transferred among
accelerators and the main memory, so that programmers are freed from the
scheduling issues and technical details associated with these transfers.

StarPU takes particular care of scheduling tasks efficiently, using
well-known algorithms from the literature (@pxref{Task scheduling
policy}).  In addition, it allows scheduling experts, such as compiler
or computational library developers, to implement custom scheduling
policies in a portable fashion (@pxref{Defining a New Scheduling Policy}).

The remainder of this section describes the main concepts used in StarPU.

@menu
* Codelet and Tasks::
* StarPU Data Management Library::
@end menu

@c explain the notion of codelet and task (i.e. g(A, B)
@node Codelet and Tasks
@subsection Codelet and Tasks

@cindex codelet
One of the StarPU primary data structures is the @b{codelet}. A codelet describes a
computational kernel that can possibly be implemented on multiple architectures
such as a CPU, a CUDA device or an OpenCL device.

@c TODO insert illustration f: f_spu, f_cpu, ...

@cindex task
Another important data structure is the @b{task}. Executing a StarPU task
consists in applying a codelet on a data set, on one of the architectures on
which the codelet is implemented. A task thus describes the codelet that it
uses, but also which data are accessed, and how they are
accessed during the computation (read and/or write).
StarPU tasks are asynchronous: submitting a task to StarPU is a non-blocking
operation. The task structure can also specify a @b{callback} function that is
called once StarPU has properly executed the task. It also contains optional
fields that the application may use to give hints to the scheduler (such as
priority levels).

@cindex tag
By default, task dependencies are inferred from data dependency (sequential
coherence) by StarPU. The application can however disable sequential coherency
for some data, and dependencies be expressed by hand.
A task may be identified by a unique 64-bit number chosen by the application
which we refer as a @b{tag}.
Task dependencies can be enforced by hand either by the means of callback functions, by
submitting other tasks, or by expressing dependencies
between tags (which can thus correspond to tasks that have not been submitted
yet).

@c TODO insert illustration f(Ar, Brw, Cr) + ..

@c DSM
@node StarPU Data Management Library
@subsection StarPU Data Management Library

Because StarPU schedules tasks at runtime, data transfers have to be
done automatically and ``just-in-time'' between processing units,
relieving the application programmer from explicit data transfers.
Moreover, to avoid unnecessary transfers, StarPU keeps data
where it was last needed, even if was modified there, and it
allows multiple copies of the same data to reside at the same time on
several processing units as long as it is not modified.

@node Application taskification
@section Application taskification

TODO

@c TODO: section describing what taskifying an application means: before
@c porting to StarPU, turn the program into:
@c "pure" functions, which only access data from their passed parameters
@c a main function which just calls these pure functions
@c
@c and then it's trivial to use StarPU or any other kind of task-based library:
@c simply replace calling the function with submitting a task.

@node Glossary
@section Glossary

A @b{codelet} records pointers to various implementations of the same
theoretical function.

A @b{memory node} can be either the main RAM or GPU-embedded memory.

A @b{bus} is a link between memory nodes.

A @b{data handle} keeps track of replicates of the same data (@b{registered} by the
application) over various memory nodes. The data management library manages
keeping them coherent.

The @b{home} memory node of a data handle is the memory node from which the data
was registered (usually the main memory node).

A @b{task} represents a scheduled execution of a codelet on some data handles.

A @b{tag} is a rendez-vous point. Tasks typically have their own tag, and can
depend on other tags. The value is chosen by the application.

A @b{worker} execute tasks. There is typically one per CPU computation core and
one per accelerator (for which a whole CPU core is dedicated).

A @b{driver} drives a given kind of workers. There are currently CPU, CUDA,
and OpenCL drivers. They usually start several workers to actually drive
them.

A @b{performance model} is a (dynamic or static) model of the performance of a
given codelet. Codelets can have execution time performance model as well as
power consumption performance models.

A data @b{interface} describes the layout of the data: for a vector, a pointer
for the start, the number of elements and the size of elements ; for a matrix, a
pointer for the start, the number of elements per row, the offset between rows,
and the size of each element ; etc. To access their data, codelet functions are
given interfaces for the local memory node replicates of the data handles of the
scheduled task.

@b{Partitioning} data means dividing the data of a given data handle (called
@b{father}) into a series of @b{children} data handles which designate various
portions of the former.

A @b{filter} is the function which computes children data handles from a father
data handle, and thus describes how the partitioning should be done (horizontal,
vertical, etc.)

@b{Acquiring} a data handle can be done from the main application, to safely
access the data of a data handle from its home node, without having to
unregister it.


@node Research Papers
@section Research Papers

Research papers about StarPU can be found at
@url{http://runtime.bordeaux.inria.fr/Publis/Keyword/STARPU.html}.

A good overview is available in the research report at
@url{http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00467677}.
