/*
 * This file is part of the StarPU Handbook.
 * Copyright (C) 2009--2011  Universit@'e de Bordeaux 1
 * Copyright (C) 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
 * Copyright (C) 2011, 2012 Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique
 * See the file version.doxy for copying conditions.
 */

/*! \page cExtensions C Extensions

When GCC plug-in support is available, StarPU builds a plug-in for the
GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), which defines extensions to languages of
the C family (C, C++, Objective-C) that make it easier to write StarPU
code. This feature is only available for GCC 4.5 and later; it
is known to work with GCC 4.5, 4.6, and 4.7.  You
may need to install a specific <c>-dev</c> package of your distro, such
as <c>gcc-4.6-plugin-dev</c> on Debian and derivatives.  In addition,
the plug-in's test suite is only run when <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/guile/">GNU Guile</a> is found at
<c>configure</c>-time.  Building the GCC plug-in
can be disabled by configuring with \ref disable-gcc-extensions "--disable-gcc-extensions".

Those extensions include syntactic sugar for defining
tasks and their implementations, invoking a task, and manipulating data
buffers.  Use of these extensions can be made conditional on the
availability of the plug-in, leading to valid C sequential code when the
plug-in is not used (\ref UsingCExtensionsConditionally).

When StarPU has been installed with its GCC plug-in, programs that use
these extensions can be compiled this way:

\verbatim
$ gcc -c -fplugin=`pkg-config starpu-1.2 --variable=gccplugin` foo.c
\endverbatim

When the plug-in is not available, the above <c>pkg-config</c>
command returns the empty string.

In addition, the <c>-fplugin-arg-starpu-verbose</c> flag can be used to
obtain feedback from the compiler as it analyzes the C extensions used
in source files.

This section describes the C extensions implemented by StarPU's GCC
plug-in.  It does not require detailed knowledge of the StarPU library.

Note: this is still an area under development and subject to change.

\section DefiningTasks Defining Tasks

The StarPU GCC plug-in views tasks as ``extended'' C functions:

<ul>
<Li>
tasks may have several implementations---e.g., one for CPUs, one written
in OpenCL, one written in CUDA;
</li>
<Li>
tasks may have several implementations of the same target---e.g.,
several CPU implementations;
</li>
<li>
when a task is invoked, it may run in parallel, and StarPU is free to
choose any of its implementations.
</li>
</ul>

Tasks and their implementations must be <em>declared</em>.  These
declarations are annotated with attributes
(http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Attribute-Syntax.html#Attribute-Syntax):
the declaration of a task is a regular C function declaration with an
additional <c>task</c> attribute, and task implementations are
declared with a <c>task_implementation</c> attribute.

The following function attributes are provided:

<dl>

<dt><c>task</c></dt>
<dd>
Declare the given function as a StarPU task.  Its return type must be
<c>void</c>.  When a function declared as <c>task</c> has a user-defined
body, that body is interpreted as the implicit definition of the
task's CPU implementation (see example below).  In all cases, the
actual definition of a task's body is automatically generated by the
compiler.

Under the hood, declaring a task leads to the declaration of the
corresponding <c>codelet</c> (\ref CodeletAndTasks).  If one or
more task implementations are declared in the same compilation unit,
then the codelet and the function itself are also defined; they inherit
the scope of the task.

Scalar arguments to the task are passed by value and copied to the
target device if need be---technically, they are passed as the buffer
starpu_task::cl_arg (\ref CodeletAndTasks).

Pointer arguments are assumed to be registered data buffers---the
handles argument of a task (starpu_task::handles) ; <c>const</c>-qualified
pointer arguments are viewed as read-only buffers (::STARPU_R), and
non-<c>const</c>-qualified buffers are assumed to be used read-write
(::STARPU_RW).  In addition, the <c>output</c> type attribute can be
as a type qualifier for output pointer or array parameters
(::STARPU_W).
</dd>

<dt><c>task_implementation (target, task)</c></dt>
<dd>
Declare the given function as an implementation of <c>task</c> to run on
<c>target</c>.  <c>target</c> must be a string, currently one of
<c>"cpu"</c>, <c>"opencl"</c>, or <c>"cuda"</c>.
\internal
FIXME: Update when OpenCL support is ready.
\endinternal
</dd>
</dl>

Here is an example:

\code{.c}
#define __output  __attribute__ ((output))

static void matmul (const float *A, const float *B,
                    __output float *C,
                    unsigned nx, unsigned ny, unsigned nz)
  __attribute__ ((task));

static void matmul_cpu (const float *A, const float *B,
                        __output float *C,
                        unsigned nx, unsigned ny, unsigned nz)
  __attribute__ ((task_implementation ("cpu", matmul)));


static void
matmul_cpu (const float *A, const float *B, __output float *C,
            unsigned nx, unsigned ny, unsigned nz)
{
  unsigned i, j, k;

  for (j = 0; j < ny; j++)
    for (i = 0; i < nx; i++)
      {
        for (k = 0; k < nz; k++)
          C[j * nx + i] += A[j * nz + k] * B[k * nx + i];
      }
}
\endcode

A <c>matmult</c> task is defined; it has only one implementation,
<c>matmult_cpu</c>, which runs on the CPU.  Variables <c>A</c> and
<c>B</c> are input buffers, whereas <c>C</c> is considered an input/output
buffer.

For convenience, when a function declared with the <c>task</c> attribute
has a user-defined body, that body is assumed to be that of the CPU
implementation of a task, which we call an implicit task CPU
implementation.  Thus, the above snippet can be simplified like this:

\code{.c}
#define __output  __attribute__ ((output))

static void matmul (const float *A, const float *B,
                    __output float *C,
                    unsigned nx, unsigned ny, unsigned nz)
  __attribute__ ((task));

/* Implicit definition of the CPU implementation of the
   `matmul' task.  */
static void
matmul (const float *A, const float *B, __output float *C,
        unsigned nx, unsigned ny, unsigned nz)
{
  unsigned i, j, k;

  for (j = 0; j < ny; j++)
    for (i = 0; i < nx; i++)
      {
        for (k = 0; k < nz; k++)
          C[j * nx + i] += A[j * nz + k] * B[k * nx + i];
      }
}
\endcode

Use of implicit CPU task implementations as above has the advantage that
the code is valid sequential code when StarPU's GCC plug-in is not used
(\ref UsingCExtensionsConditionally).

CUDA and OpenCL implementations can be declared in a similar way:

\code{.c}
static void matmul_cuda (const float *A, const float *B, float *C,
                         unsigned nx, unsigned ny, unsigned nz)
  __attribute__ ((task_implementation ("cuda", matmul)));

static void matmul_opencl (const float *A, const float *B, float *C,
                           unsigned nx, unsigned ny, unsigned nz)
  __attribute__ ((task_implementation ("opencl", matmul)));
\endcode

The CUDA and OpenCL implementations typically either invoke a kernel
written in CUDA or OpenCL (for similar code, \ref CUDAKernel, and
\ref OpenCLKernel), or call a library function that uses CUDA or
OpenCL under the hood, such as CUBLAS functions:

\code{.c}
static void
matmul_cuda (const float *A, const float *B, float *C,
             unsigned nx, unsigned ny, unsigned nz)
{
  cublasSgemm ('n', 'n', nx, ny, nz,
               1.0f, A, 0, B, 0,
               0.0f, C, 0);
  cudaStreamSynchronize (starpu_cuda_get_local_stream ());
}
\endcode

A task can be invoked like a regular C function:

\code{.c}
matmul (&A[i * zdim * bydim + k * bzdim * bydim],
        &B[k * xdim * bzdim + j * bxdim * bzdim],
        &C[i * xdim * bydim + j * bxdim * bydim],
        bxdim, bydim, bzdim);
\endcode

This leads to an asynchronous invocation, whereby <c>matmult</c>'s
implementation may run in parallel with the continuation of the caller.

The next section describes how memory buffers must be handled in
StarPU-GCC code.  For a complete example, see the
<c>gcc-plugin/examples</c> directory of the source distribution, and
\ref VectorScalingUsingTheCExtension.


\section InitializationTerminationAndSynchronization Initialization, Termination, and Synchronization

The following pragmas allow user code to control StarPU's life time and
to synchronize with tasks.

<dl>

<dt><c>\#pragma starpu initialize</c></dt>
<dd>
Initialize StarPU.  This call is compulsory and is <em>never</em> added
implicitly.  One of the reasons this has to be done explicitly is that
it provides greater control to user code over its resource usage.
</dd>

<dt><c>\#pragma starpu shutdown</c></dt>
<dd>
Shut down StarPU, giving it an opportunity to write profiling info to a
file on disk, for instance (\ref Off-linePerformanceFeedback).
</dd>

<dt><c>\#pragma starpu wait</c></dt>
<dd>
Wait for all task invocations to complete, as with
starpu_task_wait_for_all().
</dd>
</dl>

\section RegisteredDataBuffers Registered Data Buffers

Data buffers such as matrices and vectors that are to be passed to tasks
must be registered.  Registration allows StarPU to handle data
transfers among devices---e.g., transferring an input buffer from the
CPU's main memory to a task scheduled to run a GPU (\ref StarPUDataManagementLibrary).

The following pragmas are provided:

<dl>

<dt><c>\#pragma starpu register ptr [size]</c></dt>
<dd>
Register <c>ptr</c> as a <c>size</c>-element buffer.  When <c>ptr</c> has
an array type whose size is known, <c>size</c> may be omitted.
Alternatively, the <c>registered</c> attribute can be used (see below.)
</dd>

<dt><c>\#pragma starpu unregister ptr</c></dt>
<dd>
Unregister the previously-registered memory area pointed to by
<c>ptr</c>.  As a side-effect, <c>ptr</c> points to a valid copy in main
memory.
</dd>

<dt><c>\#pragma starpu acquire ptr</c></dt>
<dd>
Acquire in main memory an up-to-date copy of the previously-registered
memory area pointed to by <c>ptr</c>, for read-write access.
</dd>

<dt><c>\#pragma starpu release ptr</c></dt>
<dd>
Release the previously-register memory area pointed to by <c>ptr</c>,
making it available to the tasks.
</dd>
</dl>

Additionally, the following attributes offer a simple way to allocate
and register storage for arrays:

<dl>

<dt><c>registered</c></dt>
<dd>
This attributes applies to local variables with an array type.  Its
effect is to automatically register the array's storage, as per
<c>\#pragma starpu register</c>.  The array is automatically unregistered
when the variable's scope is left.  This attribute is typically used in
conjunction with the <c>heap_allocated</c> attribute, described below.
</dd>

<dt><c>heap_allocated</c></dt>
<dd>
This attributes applies to local variables with an array type.  Its
effect is to automatically allocate the array's storage on
the heap, using starpu_malloc() under the hood.  The heap-allocated array is automatically
freed when the variable's scope is left, as with
automatic variables.
</dd>
</dl>

The following example illustrates use of the <c>heap_allocated</c>
attribute:

\snippet cholesky_pragma.c To be included

\section UsingCExtensionsConditionally Using C Extensions Conditionally

The C extensions described in this chapter are only available when GCC
and its StarPU plug-in are in use.  Yet, it is possible to make use of
these extensions when they are available---leading to hybrid CPU/GPU
code---and discard them when they are not available---leading to valid
sequential code.

To that end, the GCC plug-in defines the C preprocessor macro ---
<c>STARPU_GCC_PLUGIN</c> --- when it is being used. When defined, this
macro expands to an integer denoting the version of the supported C
extensions.

The code below illustrates how to define a task and its implementations
in a way that allows it to be compiled without the GCC plug-in:

\snippet matmul_pragma.c To be included

The above program is a valid StarPU program when StarPU's GCC plug-in is
used; it is also a valid sequential program when the plug-in is not
used.

Note that attributes such as <c>task</c> as well as <c>starpu</c>
pragmas are simply ignored by GCC when the StarPU plug-in is not loaded.
However, <c>gcc -Wall</c> emits a warning for unknown attributes and
pragmas, which can be inconvenient.  In addition, other compilers may be
unable to parse the attribute syntax (In practice, Clang and
several proprietary compilers implement attributes.), so you may want to
wrap attributes in macros like this:

\snippet matmul_pragma2.c To be included

*/

